Labour Law & CAT Service Matters — 1,400+ CAT Decisions Apex Precedents (1950–2026)
Authoritative repository of landmark Supreme Court judgments, Constitution Bench rulings, AOR legal ratios, and binding legal principles under Labour Law & CAT Service Matters spanning from 1950 to present day.
Chamber of Advocate Tushar Garg
Advocate-on-Record, Supreme Court of India
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State of Karnataka v. Umadevi
(2006) 4 SCC 1 — Supreme Court of India (5-Judge Bench)
"Settled principles against regularisation of back-door or temporary appointments in public employment without open competition."
Constitutional Impact: Binding Apex Court precedent under Labour Law & CAT Service Matters.
A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras
(1950) SCR 88 / AIR 1950 SC 27 — Supreme Court of India
"Early interpretation of Article 21. Held that 'procedure established by law' means procedure prescribed by statute, rejecting American due process. Overruled later in Maneka Gandhi (1978)."
Constitutional Impact: First major constitutional interpretation of Part III Fundamental Rights post-Constitution enforcement.
Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras
(1950) SCR 594 / AIR 1950 SC 124 — Supreme Court of India
"Declared that Freedom of Speech and Expression under Art 19(1)(a) includes freedom of circulation of newspapers and publications. Ban on entry of journal struck down."
Constitutional Impact: Foundational precedent establishing freedom of the press in India.
State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan
(1951) SCR 525 / AIR 1951 SC 226 — Supreme Court of India
"Held that Fundamental Rights (Part III) take precedence over Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV). Struck down communal quota G.O. in medical colleges."
Constitutional Impact: Led directly to the First Constitutional Amendment Act 1951 inserting Article 15(4).
Shankari Prasad v. Union of India
(1952) SCR 89 / AIR 1951 SC 458 — Supreme Court of India
"Upheld validity of 1st Constitutional Amendment Act. Held that Parliament's power to amend under Art 368 includes power to amend Fundamental Rights."
Constitutional Impact: Sustained early land reform legislation and First Schedule amendments.
In re Berubari Union
(1960) 3 SCR 250 / AIR 1960 SC 845 — Supreme Court of India
"Held that Preamble is not a part of the Constitution (overruled in Kesavananda) and Parliament cannot cede Indian territory to foreign state without Constitutional Amendment under Art 368."
Constitutional Impact: Established procedure for territorial treaties and international boundary agreements.
Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar
(1962) Supp 2 SCR 769 / AIR 1962 SC 955 — Supreme Court of India
"Upheld constitutional validity of Sedition under Section 124A IPC but narrowed its scope strictly to speeches or acts involving incitement to violence or public disorder."
Constitutional Impact: Benchmark ruling protecting strong political dissent from sedition prosecution.
I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab
(1967) 2 SCR 762 / AIR 1967 SC 1643 — Supreme Court of India
"Held by 6:5 majority that Parliament has no power to amend Part III of the Constitution so as to take away or abridge Fundamental Rights. Applied Prospective Overruling."
Constitutional Impact: Triggered 24th and 25th Constitutional Amendments leading to Kesavananda Bharati.
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
(1973) 4 SCC 225 / AIR 1973 SC 1461 — Supreme Court of India
"Historic 7:6 ruling establishing the BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE. Held that while Parliament can amend any part of Constitution under Art 368, it cannot alter, destroy or abridge the basic features or core framework of the Constitution."
Constitutional Impact: The most landmark judicial precedent in Indian history safeguarding democracy, judicial review, secularism, and fundamental freedoms.
E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu
(1974) 4 SCC 3 / AIR 1974 SC 555 — Supreme Court of India
"Formulated the New Doctrine of Equality. Declared that Equality is a dynamic concept and Arbitrariness is antithetical to Article 14."
Constitutional Impact: Transformed Article 14 into a potent weapon against arbitrary executive decisions.
Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain
(1975) Supp SCC 1 / AIR 1975 SC 2299 — Supreme Court of India
"Applied Basic Structure Doctrine to strike down Article 329A(4) inserted by 39th Amendment. Held that Free and Fair Elections and Judicial Review are basic features."
Constitutional Impact: Reaffirmed supremacy of Constitution over parliamentary election laws during Emergency.
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
(1978) 1 SCC 248 / AIR 1978 SC 597 — Supreme Court of India
"Revolutionized Article 21. Held that procedure depriving personal liberty must not be arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive; it must be JUST, FAIR AND REASONABLE (imported procedural due process). Established inter-linkage between Art 14, 19 and 21 (Golden Triangle)."
Constitutional Impact: Expanded Article 21 to cover right to dignity, travel abroad, clean environment, and fair trial.
Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India
(1980) 3 SCC 625 / AIR 1980 SC 1789 — Supreme Court of India
"Struck down clauses (4) & (5) of Art 368 inserted by 42nd Amendment. Reaffirmed that harmony and balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles is a basic feature of the Constitution."
Constitutional Impact: Preserved judicial review over constitutional amendments.
Bachhan Singh v. State of Punjab
(1980) 2 SCC 684 / AIR 1980 SC 898 — Supreme Court of India
"Upheld constitutional validity of death penalty under IPC 302 / BNS 103, but restricted capital punishment strictly to the 'RAREST OF RARE CASES' with mandatory aggravating vs mitigating circumstance balancing."
Constitutional Impact: Global precedent governing capital sentencing jurisprudence in India.
S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (First Judges Case)
(1981) Supp SCC 87 / AIR 1982 SC 149 — Supreme Court of India
"Relaxed traditional locus standi rule to birth Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India. Allowed public-spirited citizens to move court on behalf of oppressed classes under Art 32/226."
Constitutional Impact: Pioneered Indian Public Interest Litigation (PIL) movement.
Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India
(1984) 3 SCC 161 / AIR 1984 SC 802 — Supreme Court of India
"Held that epistolary jurisdiction under Article 32 allows letters addressed to court to be treated as Writ Petitions for enforcing fundamental rights of bonded laborers and marginalized citizens."
Constitutional Impact: Established proactive judicial intervention for human rights protection.
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Advocate Tushar Garg (AOR, Supreme Court of India) provides expert legal research, synopsis preparation, and court advocacy relying on 1950–2026 Apex Benches.